Respiratory distress syndrome (neonatal medicine) is a specific form of respiratory distress syndrome occurring in newborn infants, particularly those born prematurely. It is classified as an inflammatory lung disease primarily resulting from a deficiency in pulmonary surfactant, which impairs alveolar function, leading to reduced lung compliance, impaired gas exchange, and increased work of breathing. This condition represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality within the field of neonatal medicine and is strongly associated with the developmental immaturity of the lungs characteristic of prematurity.