Graphene is a foundational concept and active research area in materials science and condensed matter physics, centered on the study and application of a single atomic layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. This field investigates the material's exceptional electronic, mechanical, thermal, and optical properties, which arise from its unique two-dimensional structure and relativistic-like behavior of charge carriers. The significance of graphene research lies in its potential to enable transformative technologies in areas such as electronics, energy storage, composites, and sensing, alongside its role as a crucial platform for exploring fundamental physical phenomena in low-dimensional systems.