Winter rye (Secale cereale L.) is an important cover crop (CC) in the northern Great Plains (NGP), yet concerns over its establishment under the variable weather conditions of this region are an important limitation for its widespread adoption. This study evaluated the impacts of no-till corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation with winter rye CC established in 2017 on (a) water quality (nitrate-N [NO₃ ^- -N], ammonia-N [NH₄ ⁺ -N], and total nitrogen [TN]) and (b) soil health parameters at the 0-to-15-cm depth. Data showed that rye CC biomass was 251 kg ha^-1 in 2018, 1,213 kg ha^-1 in 2019, and 147 kg ha^-1 in 2020, coinciding with contrasting growing degree days for rye CC (i.e., 1,458, 2,042, and 794, respectively), as a consequence of variable weather conditions. Water quality was not affected for the periods when rye growth was <300 kg ha^-1 . In the season when rye CC had greater biomass (1,213 kg ha^-1 ), significant reductions in leached NO₃ ^- -N (19-20%) and TN (8.5-16%) concentrations were observed due to greater N uptake by rye CC (18.8 kg N ha^-1 ). Rye CC showed significantly (p ≤ .05) higher microbially active carbon ( ∼13%) and water-extractable organic N(∼11%) than the control treatment. Nonsignificant impacts on soil health indicators due to rye CC showed that the study duration (3 yr) may not be sufficient to see the beneficial impacts of CCs on soils. However, significant reductions in leached NO₃ ^- -N and TN concentrations for one (2019) out of three study years suggest that rye with optimal growth has the potential of reducing N leaching and enhancing soil health for the NGP region.

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