Rationale: Premature birth is an independent predictor of long-term cardiovascular risk. Individuals affected are reported to have a lower rate of [Formula: see text]o₂ at peak exercise intensity ([Formula: see text]o_2PEAK) and at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold ([Formula: see text]o_2VAT), but little is known about their response to exercise training. Objectives: The primary objective was to determine whether the [Formula: see text]o_2PEAK response to exercise training differed between preterm-born and term-born individuals; the secondary objective was to quantify group differences in [Formula: see text]o_2VAT response. Methods: Fifty-two preterm-born and 151 term-born participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to 16 weeks of aerobic exercise training (n = 102) or a control group (n = 101). Cardiopulmonary exercise tests were conducted before and after the intervention to measure [Formula: see text]o_2PEAK and the [Formula: see text]o_2VAT. A prespecified subgroup analysis was conducted by fitting an interaction term for preterm and term birth histories and exercise group allocation. Measurements and Main Results: For term-born participants, [Formula: see text]o_2PEAK increased by 3.1 ml/kg/min (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7 to 4.4), and the [Formula: see text]o_2VAT increased by 2.3 ml/kg/min (95% CI, 0.7 to 3.8) in the intervention group versus controls. For preterm-born participants, [Formula: see text]o_2PEAK increased by 1.8 ml/kg/min (95% CI, -0.4 to 3.9), and the [Formula: see text]o_2VAT increased by 4.6 ml/kg/min (95% CI, 2.1 to 7.0) in the intervention group versus controls. No significant interaction was observed with birth history for [Formula: see text]o_2PEAK (P = 0.32) or the [Formula: see text]o_2VAT (P = 0.12). Conclusions: The training intervention led to significant improvements in [Formula: see text]o_2PEAK and [Formula: see text]o_2VAT, with no evidence of a statistically different response based on birth history. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02723552).

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