Graves' disease (GD) is a common autoimmune disorder with an elevation in pathogenic autoantibodies, specifically anti-thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAbs), which are secreted by autoreactive B cells. To date, there has been little research on self-reactive B cells in GD. In the current study, we reported that a unique B-cell subset, CD11c⁺ B cells, was expanded in the peripheral blood (PB) of GD patients, as detected by flow cytometry. The frequency of CD11c⁺ B cells was positively correlated with serum TRAb levels. The flow cytometry data showed that CD11c expression was higher in a variety of B-cell subsets and that CD11c⁺ B cells presented a distinct immunophenotype compared to paired CD11c^- B cells. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining indicated the presence of CD11c⁺CD19⁺ B cells in lymphocyte infiltration areas of the GD thyroid. Flow cytometric analysis of PB and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) samples showed that compared to PB CD11c⁺ B cells, CD11c⁺ B cells in the thyroid accumulated and further differentiated. We found that CD11c⁺ B cells from the PB of GD patients were induced to differentiate into autoreactive antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) capable of secreting TRAbs in vitro. Luminex liquid suspension chip detection data showed that CD11c⁺ B cells also secreted a variety of cytokines, including proinflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, which might play roles in regulating the local inflammatory response and infiltration of lymphocytes in the thyroid. In addition, we performed a chemotaxis assay in a Transwell chamber to verify that CD11c⁺ B cells were recruited by thyroid follicular cells (TFCs) via the CXCR3-CXCL10 axis. In conclusion, our study determined that CD11c⁺ B cells were involved in the pathogenesis of GD in multiple ways and might represent a promising immunotherapeutic target in the future.

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